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What Products Are Used On Animals For Testing

Written By Thursday, June 9, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Form of animal testing

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Nationwide ban on all cosmetic testing on animals Partial ban on cosmetic testing on animals1
Ban on the sale of cosmetics tested on animals No ban on any cosmetic testing on animals
Unknown

1 some methods of testing are excluded from the ban or the laws vary within the country

Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of beast testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for utilise by humans.

Since this type of animal testing is oft harmful to the beast subjects, information technology is opposed by beast rights activists and others. Corrective creature testing is banned in many parts of the world, including Colombia, the European Matrimony, the United kingdom, India, Israel,[1] [ii] and Kingdom of norway.[iii]

Cosmetics that accept been produced without any testing on animals are sometimes known as "cruelty-free cosmetics".[4]

Definition [edit]

Using animal testing in the development of cosmetics may involve testing either a finished product or the individual ingredients of a finished production on animals, ofttimes rabbits, as well as mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, Guinea pigs and other animals. Cosmetics can be defined as products applied to the body in various ways in order to enhance the body'due south appearance or to cleanse the body. This includes all hair products, makeup, and skin products .[5]

The United states Food and Drug Assistants (FDA) continues to endorse animal testing methods.[6]

Re-using existing exam data obtained from previous animal testing is generally not considered to be cosmetic testing on animals; however, the acceptability of this to opponents of testing is inversely proportional to how recent the information is.

Methods [edit]

Methods of testing cosmetics on animals include various tests that are categorized differently based on which areas the cosmetics will be used for. One new ingredient in any corrective production used in these tests could lead to the deaths of at least 1,400 animals.[7]

Dermal penetration: Rats are by and large used in this method that analyzes chemical motion, through the penetration of the chemical into the bloodstream. Dermal penetration is a method that creates a improve understanding of peel absorption.[6]

Skin sensitization: This is a method that tests for allergic reactions for unlike chemicals. In some tests, a chemic adjuvant is injected to boost the immune system, which was typically performed on guinea pigs. In some tests no chemical adjuvant is injected with the examination chemic, or the chemical is applied on a shaved patch of skin. The reaction is then recorded by the appearance of the skin after.[half dozen]

Astute toxicity: This examination is used to determine danger of exposure to a chemical by oral cavity, pare, or inhalation. It shows the various dangerous effects of a substance that consequence from a short period of exposure. Large amounts of rats and mice are injected in these Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) tests that continue until half of the examination subjects die. Other tests can utilise a smaller amount of animals, but can crusade convulsions, loss of motor function, and seizures. The animals are often so all killed afterward to get together information nearly the internal furnishings of the chemicals.[6]

Draize examination: This is a method of testing that may crusade irritation or corrosion to the skin or eye on animals, dermal sensitization, airway sensitization, endocrine disruption, and LD50 (which refers to the lethal dose which kills 50% of the treated animals).[6]

Skin corrosivity or irritation: This method of test assesses the potential of a substance causing irreversible harm to the skin. It is typically performed on rabbits and involves putting chemicals on a shaved patch of skin. This determines the level of damage to the peel that includes itching, inflammation, swelling, etc.[vi]

Alternatives [edit]

There is a variety of alternatives that exist instead of animal testing. Nowadays with new advances in applied science and science, at that place are options that are safety for both animals and humans. Cosmetics manufacturers who do not test on animals may now utilise in vitro screens to examination for endpoints which can determine potential risk to humans with a very loftier sensitivity and specificity. Companies such as CeeTox in the USA, recently caused by Cyprotex, specialize in such testing and organizations similar the Heart for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), PETA and many other organizations advocate the utilise of in vitro and other non-fauna tests in the evolution of consumer products. Using safe ingredients from a list of 5,000 which have already been tested in conjunction with mod methods of cosmetics testing, the demand for tests using animals are negated.[eight]

EpiSkin, EpiDerm, and SkinEthic are each equanimous of artificial human skin as an option for culling testing. Artificial pare can imitate the reaction actual human pare will have to a production and the chemicals it contains and can be altered to mimic different pare types and ages. For example, using UV light on EpiSkin can crusade it to resemble older skin and adding melanocytes volition turn the peel a darker color. This helped create a spectrum of dissimilar skin colors that are and then used to compare the results of sunblock on a different variety of people.[9] To address potential issues with other parts of the human being trunk, inquiry companies such equally NOTOX take developed a synthetic model of the homo liver, which is the main organ to detox the body, in gild to test harmful ingredients and chemicals to see if the liver tin can detox those elements.[10] Inquiry companies tin can besides apply body parts and organs taken from animals slaughtered for the meat manufacture to perform tests such equally the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Examination and Isolated Craven Eye Examination.[11]

Lab-grown tissues are now existence used to test chemicals in makeup products. MatTek is one of the companies that do this. It sells small amounts of skin cells to companies to test their products on them. Some of these companies are those that brand laundry detergent, makeup, toilet bowl cleaner, anti-aging creams, and tanning lotion. Without these tissues, companies would exist testing their products on living animals. Lab-grown tissues are a great alternative to testing harmful products on animals.[12] I lab was able to grow 11 different types of tissues in a petri dish. The downfall was that the tissues were not fully functional on their own, in fact, many of these tissues only resembled tiny parts of an actual sized human organ, most of which were besides small to transplant into humans. The brilliant side is that they were a groovy learning experience for many of the students researching there. This technology could potentially be great, but information technology was a major downfall, 'Ministomachs that took about nine weeks to cultivate in a petri dish formed "oval-shaped, hollow structures".[thirteen]

Many companies have non made the switch to cruelty-free yet for many reasons, one of them existence the time it takes for lab-grown tissues to exist useable. Animals on the other mitt, can mature quickly. Rats, for example, have a much quicker growth charge per unit "From birth to adult, rats take most three weeks to mature and begin fending for themselves. The rodents reach sexual maturity in almost 5 weeks and begin mating soon after to produce the next generation to beginning the rat life cycle once more".[ citation needed ] On height of the extremely short time it takes a rat to mature, they can provide us with a complete set of organ systems, non only a paper-thin sail of cells. Rats can also reproduce, and they do and so at a very fast pace "In general, rats produce about seven offspring per litter and can reach upward to 14 at times. Typical gestation periods concluding only a few weeks, allowing each female rat to produce effectually five litters a year".[ citation needed ]

History [edit]

The first known tests on animals were done every bit early as 300 BC. "Writings of ancient civilizations all certificate the apply of animal testing. These civilizations, led by men like Aristotle and Erasistratus, used live animals to test various medical procedures".[14] This testing was important considering information technology led to new discoveries such equally how blood circulated and the fact that living beings needed air to survive. The idea of taking an animate being and comparing it to how human being beings survived was a completely new idea. It would non have existed (at least non equally quickly as it did) without our ancestors studying animals and how their bodies worked.

"Proving the germ theory of disease was the crowning achievement of the French scientist Louis Pasteur. He was not the outset to propose that diseases were caused by microscopic organisms, only the view was controversial in the 19th century and opposed the accepted theory of 'spontaneous generation'".[15] The thought of germs and other microscopic organisms was a completely new idea and would not accept come up to exist without the use of animals. In 1665, scientists Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered and studied how germs worked. They published a volume nigh their discovery, which was not accepted past very many people, including the science community, at first. After some time, scientists were able to give animals diseases from microbes and realized that microbes really did exist. From there they were able to utilize animals to sympathize how the disease worked, and the effects it could potentially have on the human trunk.

All of this has led up to something a bit more recent, the use of animals to test dazzler products. This has become a very controversial topic in recent years. There are various people who are extremely against the use of animals for this purpose, and for a good reason. "Typically, animal tests for cosmetics include peel and centre irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed onto the shaved skin or dripped into the optics of rabbits; repeated oral force-feeding studies lasting weeks or months to expect for signs of general illness or specific health hazards, such equally cancer or birth defects; and even widely condemned "lethal dose" tests, in which animals are forced to swallow massive amounts of a exam chemical to determine the dose that causes death".[16] This kind of testing tin can exist vital in finding important information about products merely can be harmful to the animals it is tested on.

In 1937, a mistake was made that ended up irresolute the pharmaceutical industry drastically. A company created a medicine (elixir sulfanilamide) "to care for streptococcal infections", and without any scientific research the medicine was out on shelves.[17] This medicine turned out to exist extremely poisonous to people, leading to large poisoning outbreaks followed past over 100 deaths.[17] This epidemic led to a police force being passed in 1938, chosen the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, enforcing more rigorous guidelines on cosmetic products.[17] After this law was passed companies looked to animals to test their products, in turn, creating the first encounters of cosmetic animal testing.

Not-profit organizations [edit]

This "Leaping Bunny" indicates that cosmetic products with this logo take not been tested on animals.

  • Cruelty Free International: Cruelty Free International and its partners manage the certification of all the companies across the world looking to exist cruelty free. Companies producing beauty and household products which do not test their products on animals for any marketplace can request membership of The Leaping Bunny Program, which allows that company to characteristic Cruelty Free International's Leaping Bunny logo on their products. This program sets global standard of operations and sales. Companies headquartered internationally tin can obtain certification from Cruelty Free International.[18] Companies headquartered in the Usa and Canada tin can obtain certification from The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC).[19] In 2013, over 500 companies were certified.[20] Withal, some visitor'southward certifications were revoked after information technology was discovered they connected to examination on animals in Asia.[21]
  • Humane Order International: This is a global animal protection organisation that works to assistance all animals—including animals in laboratories.[22] This organization promotes human animal interaction to tackle the beingness of all cruelty that innocent animals feel.

Procedures of animal testing [edit]

There is a strategy used in creature testing laboratories titled the 'Three R's:' Reduction, refinement, and replacement' (Doke, "Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Review").

  • Replacement: This provides the opportunity to study the response of cellular models, only in other words, replacement searches for alternatives that could be done rather than testing on beast subjects.[ commendation needed ]
  • Reduction: This arroyo is built upon the ideals to have a minimal number of animal subjects being tested on for electric current and later on tests.
  • Refinement: This suggests that the planned distress and pain caused to an animal bailiwick to be as little equally possible. This approach focuses on making a dwelling for the animals before entering testing grounds in order to elongate the life of laboratory animals. Discomfort to animals causes an imbalance in hormonal levels which create fluctuating results during testing.

Legal requirements and status [edit]

Due to the strong public backlash against cosmetic testing on animals, most cosmetic manufacturers say their products are non tested on animals. However, they are still required by trading standards and consumer protection laws in about countries to evidence their products are not toxic and non unsafe to public wellness. They likewise need to show that the ingredients are not dangerous in big quantities, such as when in transport or in the manufacturing plant. In some countries, information technology is possible to meet these requirements without whatever further tests on animals. Other countries, may require animal testing to meet legal requirements. The United States and Japan are oftentimes criticized for their insistence on stringent safety measures, which often requires beast testing.

Some retailers distinguish themselves in the marketplace past their stance on animal testing.

Legal requirements in Japan [edit]

Although Japanese law does non crave non-medicated cosmetics to be tested on animals, information technology does non prohibit information technology either, leaving the decision to individual companies.[23] Animal testing is required when the product contains newly-developed tar colors, ultraviolet ray protective ingredients or preservatives, and when the corporeality of whatever ingredient regulated in terms of how much can be added is increased.[24]

Japanese Brands such equally Shiseido and Mandom have ended much, only not all, of their creature testing. Yet, most other leading cosmetics companies in Japan still test on animals.[23] [25] [26]

Jurisdictions with bans [edit]

Brazil, São Paulo [edit]

São Paulo in Brazil banned corrective animal testing in 2014.[27]

Colombia [edit]

In June 2020, the Senate of the Commonwealth of Republic of colombia approved a resolution banning the commercialization and testing of cosmetics on animals.[28] In Baronial 2020, presidential assent was granted to the resolution thus effectively banning the testing of cosmetics on animals in Colombia.[29]

European Union [edit]

The European Wedlock (EU) followed suit, afterwards it agreed to phase in a near-full ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the Eu from 2009, and to ban cosmetics-related animal testing.[thirty] Animate being testing is regulated in EC Regulation 1223/2009 on cosmetics. Imported cosmetics ingredients tested on animals were phased out for EU consumer markets in 2013 by the ban,[xxx] but can withal be sold to outside of the Eu.[31] Kingdom of norway banned cosmetics animal testing the same time equally the Eu.[32] In May 2018 the European Parliament voted for the Eu and its Member States to piece of work towards a UN convention confronting the use of fauna testing for cosmetics.[33]

European Free Trade Association [edit]

The balance of the EFTA, including Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Iceland also banned cosmetic testing.[34]

Guatemala [edit]

In 2017, Republic of guatemala banned cosmetic animal testing.[35]

India [edit]

In early 2014, Bharat announced a ban on testing cosmetics on animals in the country, thereby condign the 2nd state in Asia to do then.[36] Later India banned import of cosmetics tested on animals in November 2014.[37]

State of israel [edit]

Israel banned "the import and marketing of cosmetics, toiletries or detergents that were tested on animals" in 2013.[38]

New Zealand [edit]

In 2015, New Zealand also banned animal testing.[39] However, the ban on testing cosmetics on animals was unlikely to lead to products being stripped from shelves in New Zealand as around xc per cent of cosmetic products sold in New Zealand were made overseas.[40]

Taiwan [edit]

In 2015, Taiwan launched a bill proposing a ban on corrective testing on animals.[41] It passed in 2016 and went into effect in 2019.[42] [43] Presently earlier the ban went into result on nine Nov 2019, however, it was noted that most Taiwan cosmetic companies already did not experiment with animals.[42]

Turkey [edit]

Turkey "banned any animal testing for corrective products that have already been introduced to the market."[44]

U.k. [edit]

Animal testing on cosmetics or their ingredients was banned in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 1998.[45]

Jurisdictions where prohibitions are considered [edit]

Association of Southeast Asian Nations [edit]

The Association of southeast asian nations (Association of southeast asian nations) is potentially "making strides toward ending cosmetics testing on animals."[three]

Australia [edit]

In Australia, the Cease Cruel Cosmetics Nib was introduced to Parliament in March 2014, which would ban local testing, which generally does not happen in that location, and importation of cosmetics tested on animals.[46] In 2016 a bill was passed to ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals, which came into event in July 2017.[47]

Brazil [edit]

Brazil's legislation will vote on a nationwide beast testing for cosmetics ban past the finish of March 2014.[2]

Canada [edit]

The animal experimentation industry is largely unregulated and immune to operate in nearly secrecy. No one knows exactly how many animals are used because many individual-sector experimenters are unregulated and not required to disclose the numbers of animals used, species, or the types of tests they perform. The number of private facilities conducting animal experiments in Canada is unknown.[48]

United States [edit]

In March 2014, the Humane Cosmetics Deed was introduced to the U.Southward. Congress. It would ban corrective testing on animals and eventually would ban the sale of cosmetics tested on animals.[iii] The neb did not advance.

Testing cosmetics on animals has been banned in half dozen US states: California, Nevada, Illinois, Virginia, Maryland, and Maine.[49]

Mexico [edit]

On 19 March 2020, the Mexican Senate unanimously passed legislation banning testing cosmetics on animals.[50] The proposed ban now awaits approval from the lower house of the Mexican Congress, the Mexican Chamber of Deputies.[51]

S Korea [edit]

Republic of korea is also potentially "making strides toward ending cosmetics testing on animals."[iii]

Other statuses [edit]

Mainland china [edit]

Cathay passed a police force on 30 June 2014 to eliminate the requirement for animal testing of cosmetics. Though domestically-produced ordinary cosmetic goods do not crave testing, animal testing is still mandated by law for Chinese-made "cosmeceuticals" (cosmetic appurtenances which brand a functional claim) which are available for sale in China. Cosmetics intended solely for export are exempt from the beast testing requirement.[52] As of March 2019, post-market place testing (i.east. tests on cosmetics later on they hit the marketplace) for finished imported and domestically produced cosmetic products will no longer require animal testing.[53] Chinese law was farther amended in April 2020, fully dropping all remaining mandatory animal testing requirements for all cosmetics - both locally produced and imported, instead creating a regulatory 'preference' for not-fauna based testing methods in the prophylactic certification of cosmetic products.[54] [55]

Russian federation [edit]

In 2013, the Russian Ministry of Health stated "Toxicological testing is performed by means of testing for skin allergic reaction or test on mucous tissue/eye surface area (with utilize of lab animals) or by utilize of culling general toxicology methods (IN VITRO). In this manner the technical regulations include measures which provide an culling to animal testing".[56]

See also [edit]

  • Animal testing on invertebrates
  • Creature testing on non-human primates
  • Creature testing on rodents
  • Cosmetics
  • Veterinary ethics

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Engebretson, Monica (23 July 2013). "India Joins the EU and State of israel in Surpassing the US in Cruelty-Gratuitous Cosmetics Testing Policy". HuffPost . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  2. ^ a b Play a joke on, Stacy (x March 2014). "Animate being Attraction: Federal Bill to Finish Cosmetics Testing on Animals Introduced in Congress" (Press release). Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d "Cruelty Costless International Applauds Congressman Jim Moran for Bill to Finish Cosmetics Testing on Animals in the United states of america" (Printing release). v March 2014. Archived from the original on eighteen March 2014.
  4. ^ ""Cruelty Free"/"Not Tested on Animals"". The states Nutrient and Drugs Assistants. September 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Is Information technology a Cosmetic, a Drug, or Both? (Or Is Information technology Soap?)". FDA. 8 Feb 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Testing". American Anti-Vivisection Gild . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  7. ^ Murugesan, Meera (vi September 2016). "Cruelty-gratis cosmetics". New Straits Times . Retrieved vi June 2020.
  8. ^ Bainbridge, Amy (17 March 2014). "Australia urged to follow EU ban on creature testing; Greens to motion bill in Senate this week". ABC . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  9. ^ Merali, Zeeya (28 July 2007). "New Scientist". Man Pare to Replace Animal Tests. 195: 14. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61866-1.
  10. ^ Mone, Gregory (April 2014). "New Models in Cosmetics Replacing Animal Testing". Communications of the ACM. 57 (iv): 20–21. doi:ten.1145/2581925. S2CID 2037444.
  11. ^ "Alternatives to animal tests". The Humane Social club of the United states . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  12. ^ Zhang, Sarah (30 December 2016). "Inside the Lab that Grows Human Skin to Exam Your Cosmetics". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved vi June 2020.
  13. ^ Weisberger, Mindy (3 July 2017). "11 Body Parts Grown in the Lab". Live Science . Retrieved six June 2020.
  14. ^ "History of Animate being Testing Timeline". www.softschools.com . Retrieved 24 Apr 2022.
  15. ^ "The discovery of the germ theory of disease". AnimalResearch.info. iii November 2014. Retrieved six June 2020.
  16. ^ "Nearly Cosmetics Animal Testing". Humane Society International. vi March 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Scutti, Susan (27 June 2013). "Beast Testing: A Long, Unpretty History". Medical Daily . Retrieved half-dozen June 2020.
  18. ^ "Brands FAQs". Cruelty Complimentary International . Retrieved six June 2020.
  19. ^ "Leaping Bunny Programme". Cruelty Free International . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  20. ^ Redding, Marie (xiii March 2013). "Dazzler Brands Take Sides". Beauty Packaging . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  21. ^ Artuso, Eloisa (24 February 2013). "Western Beauty Brands: Cruelty in China". Eluxe Magazine . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  22. ^ "About United states of america : Humane Society International". world wide web.hsi.org . Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  23. ^ a b "Be Cruelty-Free Campaign Backed by Global Stars, Launches in Tokyo to End Cosmetics Brute Testing in Nippon (March 17, 2014)". Humane Society International . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  24. ^ "Development of Cosmetics -- Toward Abolishment of Animal Testing (Feb 2015)". JFS: Nihon for Sustainability . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  25. ^ "Initiatives in Response to Animate being Testing and Culling Methods". Shiseido Group . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  26. ^ "Arroyo to alternative to animate being experiments". Mandom . Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  27. ^ "São Paulo Bans Animate being Testing". PetMD. AFP News. 24 January 2014.
  28. ^ "Colombia ya no tendrá pruebas de cosméticos en animales". La FM. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  29. ^ "Colombia, primer país de la región que prohíbe las pruebas cosméticas en animales". El Espectador. 12 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
  30. ^ a b "Eu extends ban on beast-tested cosmetics". EuroNews. 11 March 2013.
  31. ^ Fynes-Clinton (xx March 2014), OPINION: Greens Senator Lee Rhiannon's Terminate Cruel Cosmetics Bill 2014 answers the public'south growing opposition to animals testing, Courier-Postal service
  32. ^ Aryan (12 March 2013). "Norway ban animate being testing of cosmetics". The Oslo Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
  33. ^ Jacqueline Foster (three May 2018). "Foster: "Cosmetic testing on animals must be banned worldwide"". Conservatives in the European Parliament.
  34. ^ Grum, Tjaša (5 March 2019). "Global ban on animal testing: where are we in 2019?". Cosmetics Design Europe . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  35. ^ "Guatemalan Congress approves animate being testing ban | Cruelty Gratuitous International". Cruelty Free International. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  36. ^ Mukherjee, Rupali (23 January 2014). "Govt bans cosmetic companies from testing on animals". The Times of Republic of india.
  37. ^ Mohan, Vishwa (14 October 2014). "Bharat bans import of cosmetics tested on animals". The Times of Republic of india . Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  38. ^ "Import ban on animal-tested products goes into effect". The Times of State of israel. 1 January 2013.
  39. ^ "MPs unanimously support creature testing ban". Radio New Zealand. 31 March 2015.
  40. ^ "Makeup tests on animals banned". NZ Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  41. ^ Grabenhofer, Rachel. "Taiwan Proposes Fauna Testing Ban for Cosmetics". Cosmetics & Toiletries . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  42. ^ a b "'Limited touch' expected from Taiwan cosmetics fauna test ban". Chemical Watch . Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
  43. ^ "Taiwan bans cosmetics animal testing". Humane Society International. 21 Oct 2016. Retrieved half dozen June 2020.
  44. ^ "Animal testing for cosmetics banned in Turkey". DailySabah. 27 July 2015.
  45. ^ "Animal Research Regulations in the Uk". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  46. ^ Bainbridge, Amy (17 March 2014). "Australia urged to follow EU ban on animal testing; Greens to motion bill in Senate this week". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News.
  47. ^ "Department of Health: Ban on the use of animal exam information for cosmetics". Australian Government, Section of health . Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  48. ^ "Animals Used for Experimentation". Animal Justice Canada . Retrieved vi June 2020.
  49. ^ "Maine becomes 6th state to ban the auction of cosmetics tested on animals". Humane Society of the United states of america. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  50. ^ "Mexican Senate passes bill to outlaw cosmetic animal testing". Humane Society International. xx March 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  51. ^ "Neb to outlaw corrective animal testing in Mexico passes start legislative phase". Cruelty Gratis International . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  52. ^ "Guide to: Understanding Cathay'due south Animal Testing Laws". ethical elephant. eleven Apr 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  53. ^ Figueiras, Sonalie (2 April 2019). "China announces end to post-market fauna testing for cosmetic products". Due south China Morn Postal service . Retrieved six June 2020.
  54. ^ Morosini, Daniela (10 April 2019). "Mainland china Will No Longer Crave Animal Testing On Corrective Products". British Vogue . Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  55. ^ "China's NMPA Approves New In Vitro Methods For Regulating Cosmetics". Institute for In Vitro Sciences . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  56. ^ "Cruelty Free International wins Russian delivery on non-animal testing". Cruelty Gratis International. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on eighteen May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals

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